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It is very important to detect the diseased in time, hospitalize and prescribe adequate treatment for balantidiasis.
In possible foci of the disease, preventive examinations of residents, sanitary and hygienic measures and monitoring of their observance are necessary, especially at pig breeding enterprises. No less importance should be given to monitoring the implementation of standards for the processing, disinfection and disposal of pig feces. Balantidiasis is a protozoal intestinal infection that is caused by the ciliary ciliates Balantidium coli (balantidia) that enter the human body through the fecal-oral route. The disease is characterized by a protracted and chronic course, which, against the background of general intoxication and ulcerative lesions of zantac pills, with late treatment, can lead to the death of the patient.
In the 1980s, balantidia were found in the intestines of pigs (further studies showed that the level of infection of pigs with balantidia reaches 80%).
In most cases, the disease is detected in persons who are in contact with pigs - natural carriers of this type of ciliates. In the foci of infection, the spread of the disease in some cases occurs through contact with patients with balantidiasis.
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The ability of balantidia to cause disease in humans was proven in 1901 by N.S. Solovyov. He also established that this type of ciliates belongs to interstitial parasites, and singled out the disease as a separate nosological unit. Balantidiasis is detected quite rarely in the form of sporadic cases, but the infection rate of the population in rural areas can be 4-5% of the total population.
Depending on the clinical picture, balantidiasis is divided into:
An acute form resembling enterocolitis or colitis in symptoms. The chronic form, in which intoxication is mild, and exacerbation is replaced by remission without any symptoms. It is more common than the acute form. latent balantidiasis, in which the pathogen exists in the intestine for a long time without showing pathogenic properties (carriage); forms of zantac pills combined with other intestinal diseases (amebiasis, shigellosis, etc. can be observed).
According to the severity of the disease can occur in mild, moderate and severe form.
The causative agent of balantidiasis is the ciliate Balantidium coli (type Protozoa, subtype Ciliophora, class Ciliata). Balantidia is characterized by 2 stages of the life cycle - cystic and vegetative.etative. The vegetative stage is characterized by an irregularly oval or ovoid shape of the body of the parasite, which reaches a length of 30 to 150 microns, and a width of 30 to 100 microns. Numerous cilia allow the vegetative forms of balantidia to move actively (they can rotate around their axis).
At the narrowed end of the body of this ciliate, there is a cell mouth (cytostome) - a vertical slit perpendicular to the body, with the help of which the parasite absorbs the remnants of undigested food (especially starch grains), erythrocytes, fungi and bacteria.
In the cytoplasm of balantidia there are digestive and pulsating excretory vacuoles, a large nucleolus (micronucleus) and a nucleus (macronucleus), which in living ciliates can be seen even without coloring as a bean-shaped light bubble (it becomes black when stained according to Heidenhain). In the external environment, the vegetative form exists from 3 to 5 hours.
Round cysts of balantidia are characterized by a thick shell, and their size reaches 50-60 microns. In Lugol's solution, cysts acquire a uniform brown-yellow color. In the external environment, they are viable for 3-4 weeks. Balantidia are low pathogenic for pigs in whose intestines they live (infestation of pigs ranges from 21% to 100% depending on the region). Balantidia were also found in rats, mice, wild boars and monkeys, which, being carriers of parasites, excrete ciliate cysts into the environment along with feces.
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Once in the mouth of a person, along with contaminated food or water, balantidia cysts move to the large intestine, where they enter the vegetative stage and then multiply by division.
Since cysts are rarely formed in the human body and their number is insignificant, and it is almost impossible to become infected with the vegetative form, infection with balantidiasis during contact with the patient is extremely rare. The causative agent of balantidiasis enters the human body by the fecal-oral route - unwashed hands, fruits and vegetables, water contaminated with cysts leads to the parasite entering the digestive tract. After passing through the stomach and small intestine, cysts begin to take Zantac (this period may be accompanied by symptoms characteristic of poisoning).
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The edges of the formed ulcers are thickened and indented, the uneven dark bottom is covered with a purulent-bloody coating. The area of ulcerative lesions can reach several centimeters. Perhaps perforation of ulcers and the development of diffuse peritonitis.
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Invading the submucosal layer, balantidia activate the immune response of the body, causing the accumulation of lymphocytes, histiocytic cells and segmented neutrophils in the lesion, which causes edema. In the future, at the site of the introduction of ciliates, erosions with uneven edges and crater-shaped ulcers are formed. Epithelial cells react to mucosal damage with increased proliferation growth (strengthened division), but the necrotic process also affects these cells.
Necrotic masses are gradually rejected, leaving a cavity communicating with the intestinal lumen.
Balantidia in the course of their life activity secrete hyaluronidase, an enzyme that provokes the dissolution of the mucous membrane of the large intestine. In places of damage to the mucosa, the parasite invades the tissues, causing redness and swelling of the mucosa.
